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This book offers an up-to-date review of our current understanding of climate change in the North Sea and adjacent areas, as well as its impact on ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. It provides a detailed assessment of climate change based on published scientific work compiled by independent international experts from climate-related disciplines such as oceanography, atmospheric sciences, marine and terrestrial ecology, using a regional evaluation and review process similar to that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of our changing climate, discussing a wide range of topics including past, current and future climate change, and climate-related changes in marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. It also explores the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, coastal zone management, coastal protection, urban climate, recreation/tourism, offshore activities/energy, and air pollution.

Earth sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Environmental management. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Earth Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Environmental Management. --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Ocean sciences --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Aerophysics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Physical meteorology --- Geosciences --- Water --- Aquatic sciences --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Geophysics --- Physical sciences --- Meteorology, Physical --- Atmospheric science --- Marine Sciences. --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Atmospheric Sciences --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences --- Environmental Management

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Solar energetic particles (SEPs) emitted from the Sun are a major space weather hazard motivating the development of predictive capabilities. This book presents the results and findings of the HESPERIA (High Energy Solar Particle Events forecasting and Analysis) project of the EU HORIZON 2020 programme. It discusses the forecasting operational tools developed within the project, and presents progress to SEP research contributed by HESPERIA both from the observational as well as the SEP modelling perspective. Using multi-frequency observational data and simulations HESPERIA investigated the chain of processes from particle acceleration in the corona, particle transport in the magnetically complex corona and interplanetary space, to the detection near 1 AU. The book also elaborates on the unique software that has been constructed for inverting observations of relativistic SEPs to physical parameters that can be compared with spac e-borne measurements at lower energies. Introductory and pedagogical material included in the book make it accessible to students at graduate level and will be useful as background material for Space Physics and Space Weather courses with emphasis on Solar Energetic Particle Event Forecasting and Analysis. This book is published with open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Physics. --- Natural disasters. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Solar and Heliospheric Physics. --- Natural Hazards. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Solar system. --- Geology. --- Astrophysics. --- Solar and Heliospheric Physics . --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Milky Way --- Space sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Coronal Mass Ejections --- Gamma-Ray Flares --- Solar Wind Shock Waves --- Space Weather Forecasting --- Solar Flares --- Solar Energetic Particles --- Particle Acceleration in the Solar Corona

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Today, tropical cyclones continue to bring destruction, as well as disruption, to societies that are exposed to their threat. This book represents a compilation of recent cutting-edge research on tropical cyclones and their impacts from researchers at many institutions around the world. This book contains new looks at tropical cyclone dynamics, the use of satellite-based remote sensing in the detection and climatology of tropical cyclones, and the modeling and prediction of tropical cyclones as well as their associated impacts. This book would make a nice addition to any course on tropical meteorology highlighting topics of interest in recent research on this topic.

Remote sensing --- Atmospheric effects. --- Atmospheric effects on remote sensing --- Meteorological optics --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Earth and Planetary Sciences --- Remote Sensing --- Atmospheric Sciences

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This open access book serves as a concise primer introducing the non-specialist reader to the physics of solar energetic particles (SEP). It systematically reviews the evidence for the two main mechanisms which lead to the so-called impulsive and gradual SEP events. This second edition contains two completely new chapters discussing element abundances and shock waves, reflecting new theoretical, modeling, and observational results. Existing chapters have been substantially expanded or updated with additions placed in a broader context. More specifically, the author discusses the timing of the onsets of SEPs, their longitude distributions, their high-energy spectral shapes, their correlations with other solar phenomena, as well as the all-important elemental and isotopic abundances. The book relates impulsive SEP events to magnetic reconnection in solar flares and jets. The concept of shock acceleration by scattering on self-amplified Alfvén waves is introduced, as is the evidence of reacceleration of impulsive-SEP material in the seed population accessed by the shocks in gradual events. The text then develops processes of transport of ions out to an observer. Finally, a technique to determine the source plasma temperature in both impulsive and gradual events is demonstrated.The author also mentions the role of SEP events as a radiation hazard in space and briefly discusses the nature of the main particle telescope designs that have contributed to most of the SEP measurements.

Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Space sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Plasma Physics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Astronomy --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology --- Plasma Physics --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics) --- Atmospheric Sciences --- Solar Physics --- Astrophysical Plasma --- Waves, instabilities and nonlinear plasma dynamics --- Space Physics --- Atmospheric Science --- Open Access --- Impulsive SEP events --- Gradual SEP events --- Space Weather --- Coronal elemental abundances --- Solar wind --- Space plasma physics --- SEP measurements --- Coronal mass ejections --- Theoretical & mathematical astronomy --- Astronautics

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The term extreme weather normally conjures up thoughts of massive storms or heat waves or overtly cold temperatures. These are all examples of what we might consider as weather events that occur out of the ordinary or what is regarded as the normal pattern of calm, heat, cold, dry, or wet conditions for one season of the year or another. The point is that if we consider an oscillation of data points in a weather pattern and plot a mean through it, extreme weather can be observed as a perturbation in a distribution of climatic events over time. These events may be short-lived, such as a wind gust occurrence, or of longer duration, such as heavy rain leading to flooding. Importantly, once initiated, a perturbation event has an associated consequence, which usually requires human intervention to rectify the event’s consequences.

Climatic extremes. --- Dynamic climatology. --- Long-range weather forecasting. --- Extended-range weather forecasting --- Long-range forecasting --- Medium-range weather forecasting --- Seasonal climate forecasting --- Seasonal prediction (Meteorology) --- Weather forecasting --- Climatic dynamics --- Climatology --- Dynamic meteorology --- Climate extremes --- Extremes, Climatic --- Climatic normals --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Climate Change --- Earth and Planetary Sciences --- Atmospheric Sciences